NoName057 used the software development platform to carry out DDoS attacks on targets in a variety of NATO nations.

The Russian hacking group Trident Ursa is mostly known for phishing campaigns targeting organizations in NATO states.

White House official Anne Neuberger met with NATO officials in Rome to help craft plans to more rapidly respond to cyberthreats.

A group called "Homeland Justice," which the Albanian government said is a front for Iranian hackers, took responsibility for the cyberattacks.

The wave of digital assaults on Montenegro includes a ransomware attack that's crippled multiple government services.

A recent phishing attempt targeting Russian entities involved long-established Chinese toolkits, experts said.

The references the NATO declaration makes to cybersecurity depart from the past and reflect the increasing importance of cyberdefense to overall security, experts said.

Volunteer hacking efforts could unwittingly pull countries or private companies into a murky geopolitical mess, a researcher says.

The incident also coincided with Finland openly weighing NATO membership and the Finns saying a Russian aircraft violated their airspace.

The pledges follow the Biden administration saying that Russia's calculus on digital assaults had changed.